New Zealand flax is divided into two distinct species: harakeke (Phormium tenax, also known as swamp or common flax) and wharariki (Phormium cookianum, also known as mountain flax).

These plants grow on cliffs, in swamps, and in mountainous areas where they receive sunlight but are not shaded by forest canopy. As the name suggests, wharariki typically grows at higher altitudes.

The two species can be distinguished by their physical characteristics. Harakeke has rigid leaves with a stiff keel or butt and produces red flowers with upright seed pods. Wharariki has more flexible leaves that often fold, and it produces yellow flowers with drooping seed pods.

Pollination Process

Flax flowers produce a sweet nectar that attracts birds such as pihipihi (waxeye), starlings, korimako (bellbird), and tūī, as well as the common honeybee.

When birds or bees perch on the plant and feed from the flower tube, fine pollen grains collect on their heads. This pollen — the male gamete — grows on the stamen.

When the pollinator visits another plant of the same species, the stigma and style (the female parts of the flower) receive the pollen. The pollen travels down the style to the ovary, where fertilisation occurs.

Once fertilised, the ovule develops into a seed within a seed pod. Depending on the species, the pod is either upright or drooping. When mature, the pod splits open, releasing dozens of glossy black seeds that are dispersed by wind to grow into new plants.

Harvesting Flax Seeds

Seed pods are harvested before they open naturally. To obtain flax seed oil, the seeds are pressed, producing a nutrient-rich oil valued for both nutritional and skincare applications.

Skin Regeneration Benefits

Flax seed oil contains powerful skin-supporting compounds, including linoleic acid, phytosterols, and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

Linoleic acid is a highly effective natural moisturiser, while phytosterols help reduce redness and irritation. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids provide antioxidant support, and omega-6 works alongside oleic acids to encourage healthy cell turnover.

Together, these nutrients support collagen protection, skin regeneration, and deep hydration — making flax seed oil a valuable ingredient for maintaining healthy, nourished skin.